Question 42 of 43advanced⚖️ EvaluateLong Answer5 marks

By factoring the expression, check that n3−nn^3 - n is always divisible by 6 for all natural numbers nn. Give reasons.

Correct Answer

To check the divisibility of n3−nn^3 - n by 6, we first factor the given expression. Taking nn as a common factor, we get:

n3−n=n(n2−1)n^3 - n = n(n^2 - 1)

We can further factor n2−1n^2 - 1 as (n−1)(n+1)(n - 1)(n + 1). Thus, the complete factorization is:

n3−n=n(n−1)(n+1)n^3 - n = n(n - 1)(n + 1)

The factors of the expression are (n−1)(n - 1), nn, and (n+1)(n + 1). As noted, any three consecutive numbers can be taken as (n−1)(n - 1), nn and (n+1)(n + 1). Therefore, the expression n3−nn^3 - n represents the product of three consecutive natural numbers.

Now, we check for divisibility by 2. Among any three consecutive natural numbers, at least one number must be an even number. Therefore, the product of these three consecutive numbers, n(n−1)(n+1)n(n - 1)(n + 1), will always be divisible by 2. Next, we check for divisibility by 3. Among any three consecutive natural numbers, exactly one number must be a multiple of 3. Therefore, the product n(n−1)(n+1)n(n - 1)(n + 1) will always be divisible by 3. Since the expression n(n−1)(n+1)n(n - 1)(n + 1) is divisible by both 2 and 3, and these are co-prime numbers, the product must be divisible by their product, which is 2×3=62 \times 3 = 6. Hence, n3−nn^3 - n is always divisible by 6 for all natural numbers nn.

Exercise: END-OF-CHAPTER EXERCISES | Q: 12 | (Page 23)
For More Understanding

Explanation

The question requires factoring the expression n3−nn^3 - n and using the factors to prove divisibility by 6. The context mentions that any three consecutive numbers can be taken as (n−1)(n - 1), nn and (n+1)(n + 1), which directly aligns with the factorization of n3−n=n(n−1)(n+1)n^3 - n = n(n-1)(n+1). The proof relies on the property that the product of three consecutive integers is always a multiple of 2 and 3, making it a multiple of 6.

Solution Steps

  1. Step 1: Factor the expression by taking nn as a common factor:

    n3−n=n(n2−1)n^3 - n = n(n^2 - 1)
  2. Step 2: Further factor n2−1n^2 - 1 using the identity for difference of squares:

    n3−n=n(n−1)(n+1)n^3 - n = n(n - 1)(n + 1)
  3. Step 3: Recognize that (n−1)(n - 1), nn, and (n+1)(n + 1) represent three consecutive natural numbers.

  4. Step 4: State that the product of three consecutive natural numbers is always divisible by 2 (since at least one is even) and by 3 (since at least one is a multiple of 3).

  5. Step 5: Conclude that since the product is divisible by both 2 and 3 (which are co-prime), it is divisible by 2×3=62 \times 3 = 6.