There are direct linkages between the situation of agricultural workers and their lack of upward socio-economic mobility. Name some of them.
There are several direct linkages between the situation of agricultural workers and their lack of upward socio-economic mobility. Migration and lack of job security have created very poor working and living conditions for agricultural workers, making it difficult for them to improve their economic status.
Increasing inequalities in rural areas have forced many households to combine multiple occupations just to sustain themselves, leaving little opportunity for upward mobility. The breakdown of traditional bonds of patronage between labourers and landlords has further worsened their situation.
Women agricultural workers face additional barriers as they earn lower wages than men for similar work. The patrilineal kinship system and cultural practices largely exclude women from land ownership, further limiting their socio-economic advancement.
Explanation
The answer draws directly from the textbook context which discusses how migrant agricultural labour, increasing inequalities, breakdown of traditional patronage bonds, and gender-based wage disparities and land exclusion all contribute to the lack of upward mobility for agricultural workers. The feminisation of agricultural labour force and women's exclusion from land ownership are key points mentioned in the context.