In school at times you get good points (or gold points or stars) when you do well and bad or black points when you do something wrong. This is an example of a token system. With the help of your classmates make a list of all those school and classroom activities for which you are rewarded or receive praise from your teacher or appreciation from your friends. Also make a list of all those activities for which your teacher scolds you or your classmates get angry with you.
A token economy is a system where a person is given a token as a reward every time a wanted behaviour occurs. These tokens are collected and exchanged for a reward, such as an outing or a treat. In school, receiving good points or stars for doing well is an example of this token system.
Activities that are rewarded or praised include doing homework regularly at the appointed time and eating dinner properly. When an adaptive behaviour occurs rarely, positive reinforcement is given to increase the deficit. For example, a child's mother prepares a favourite dish whenever homework is done on time, which increases this behaviour.
Activities that are scolded or ignored include crying and sulking when not taken to the cinema, or giving trouble in eating dinner. Differential reinforcement can reduce unwanted behaviour by positively reinforcing the wanted behaviour (politely asking) and ignoring the unwanted behaviour (crying and sulking). This method is less painful and equally effective.
Another technique is the establishing operation, which alters the reinforcing value of a consequence. For example, decreasing food at tea time increases hunger at dinner, thereby increasing the reinforcing value of food. Praising the child when they eat properly encourages this behaviour, establishing the response of eating dinner.
Explanation
The answer explains the concept of a token economy and token system as requested in the question. It lists rewarded activities (doing homework, eating properly, polite asking) and scolded/ignored activities (crying, sulking, trouble eating) based strictly on the provided text. It incorporates key behavioural modification concepts like positive reinforcement, differential reinforcement, and establishing operations to demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of how these systems work to increase wanted behaviours and decrease unwanted ones.