This 4-mark question requires brief descriptions of four key concepts from NCERT Class 12 Biology. Each sub-part carries 1 mark. The answers cover: (a) Transcription as the process forming primary transcript from DNA template, (b) Polymorphism as DNA variations used in DNA fingerprinting, (c) Translation as protein synthesis involving ribosomes and tRNA, and (d) Bioinformatics as computational biology tools used in projects like Human Genome sequencing.