What are GMOs? Describe the method of development of transgenic plants.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms carrying the transgene. The process of insertion of a foreign gene into the genome of an organism and its transmission and expression in the organism's progeny is termed as transgenesis. These organisms are not naturally found in the environment but are created for the benefit of human beings.
Transgenic plants, also known as genetically modified plants, are plants whose genome is modified by the introduction of one or more genes from another species through genetic engineering. These plants are developed to have improved agronomic traits like resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, nutrient quality, and delayed fruit ripening.
The basic requirement for genetic transformation is the construction of a genetic vehicle or vector. This vehicle carries the genes of interest flanked by necessary regulating sequences, such as a promoter or terminator.
The most commonly used techniques for gene transfer are of two types: Vector-mediated or indirect gene transfer and Vector-less or direct gene transfer. Vector-mediated transfer includes transformation using Agrobacterium tumefaciens, in planta transformation, and plant virus-mediated transfer.
On the other hand, Vector-less or direct gene transfer includes techniques such as particle bombardment, protoplast transformation, and microinjection. Through these methods, the transgene is successfully introduced to develop transgenic plants.
Explanation
The answer defines GMOs using the definition provided in section 4.2, establishing the link between 'transgene' and 'transgenesis'. It then defines transgenic plants based on section 4.2.2, highlighting their modified genome and improved traits. The method of development is described by first stating the requirement of a genetic vehicle (vector) with regulating sequences (promoter/terminator). Finally, it categorizes the gene transfer methods into Vector-mediated (Agrobacterium, etc.) and Vector-less (particle bombardment, etc.) as detailed in the provided text.