Cultural diversity refers to the presence of many different types of social groups and communities living together in a society. The term 'diversity' emphasises differences rather than inequalities. These diverse communities are defined by cultural markers such as language, religion, sect, race or caste. When these diverse communities are part of a larger entity like a nation, difficulties may be created by competition or conflict between them.

India is considered a very diverse country because it is a nation of great cultural diversity with numerous social groups and communities. These communities are defined by various cultural markers including language, religion, sect, race and caste. The phrase 'unity in diversity' captures the plural and diverse nature of Indian society.

The Indian Constitution incorporates this notion of diversity. During the struggle against British colonialism, Indian nationalists understood the imperative need to recognise and respect India's diversity. The makers of the Constitution were aware that a strong and united nation could be built only when all sections of people had the freedom to practice their religion and develop their culture and language.

Despite being culturally diverse, comparative surveys of long-standing democracies show that India has been very cohesive.