"Any intellectual activity involves the independent functioning of three neurological systems". Explain with reference to PASS model.
The PASS model of intelligence, which stands for Planning, Attention-arousal, and Simultaneous-successive, was developed by J.P. Das, Jack Naglieri, and Kirby in 1994. It represents an information-processing approach to understanding intelligent behaviour.
According to this model, intellectual activity involves the interdependent functioning of three neurological systems, referred to as the functional units of the brain. These three units are specifically responsible for arousal/attention, coding or processing, and planning.
These PASS processes operate on a knowledge base that an individual develops either formally through reading, writing, and experimenting, or informally from the environment. The processes are interactive and dynamic in nature, yet each unit has its own distinctive functions.
To assess these cognitive functions, Das and Naglieri developed a battery of tests known as the Cognitive Assessment System (CAS). It consists of verbal as well as non-verbal tasks that measure basic cognitive functions presumed to be independent of schooling. This battery is meant for individuals between 5 and 18 years of age.
Explanation
The question contains a slight misquote from the textbook, as the PASS model actually describes the 'interdependent' functioning of the three neurological systems, not 'independent'. The answer clarifies this using the provided context, detailing the three functional units (arousal/attention, coding/processing, and planning), the knowledge base they operate on, and the Cognitive Assessment System (CAS) used to measure them.