Stress has four major effects on an individual: emotional, physiological, cognitive, and behavioural.

Emotional Effects: Psychological stress is accompanied by negative emotions and associated behaviours, including depression, hostility, anger, and aggression. People under prolonged stress are prone to irrational fears, mood swings, phobias, and fits of irritability. They may show erratic behaviour that alienates them from family and friends, starting a vicious circle of decreasing confidence. Long-term stress also increases the incidence of psychological disorders like panic attacks and obsessive behaviour.

Cognitive Effects: If pressures due to stress continue, an individual may suffer from mental overload. This high level of stress can rapidly cause individuals to lose their ability to make sound decisions.

Physiological Effects: Stress increases the production of hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, producing marked changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolism. While helpful for short periods, long-term effects can be extremely damaging, including the slowing down of the digestive system and constriction of blood vessels.

Behavioural and Traumatic Effects: Severe trauma from extreme events can lead to symptoms of anxiety, flashbacks, dreams, and intrusive thoughts. These effects can strain relationships and may require professional help if they persist for many months.