(a) TRUE: The context shows that opposition parties like Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Swatantra Party, Praja Socialist Party, and Communist Party of India existed but succeeded in gaining only 'token representation.' The absence of strong alternatives contributed to Congress dominance.

(b) FALSE: The context does not attribute one-party dominance to weak public opinion. In fact, opposition parties offered 'sustained and often principled criticism' of Congress policies, indicating active public discourse.

(c) TRUE: The context explicitly states that 'many of the countries that gained freedom from colonialism experienced non-democratic rule' including 'one party rule.' Leaders believed national unity was the first priority after colonialism.

(d) FALSE: The context clearly distinguishes India's experience: 'What distinguished the dominance of the Congress party in India from all these cases was it happened under democratic conditions.' Opposition parties 'maintained the democratic character of the system.' One-party dominance does not necessarily reflect absence of democratic ideals.