Based on the textbook context, scalar quantities involve only magnitude (one value), while vector quantities involve both magnitude and direction. The context lists mass, time, distance, speed, work, and temperature as scalars, and displacement, velocity, acceleration, and force as vectors. Applying this classification: (i) 10 kg is mass—a scalar; (ii) 2 meters north-west specifies direction, making it displacement—a vector; (iii) 40° is an angle/temperature—scalar; (iv) 40 watt relates to work/power—scalar; (v) 10⁻¹⁹ coulomb is electric charge—scalar; (vi) 20 m/s² is acceleration—vector.