Question 70 of 96intermediate🔧 ApplyLong Answer4 marks

For each of the differential equations given in Exercises 1 to 12, find the general solution:

xlog⁡xdydx+y=2xlog⁡xx \log x \frac{dy}{dx} + y = \frac{2}{x} \log x
Correct Answer

The given differential equation is:

xlog⁡xdydx+y=2xlog⁡xx \log x \frac{dy}{dx} + y = \frac{2}{x} \log x

Dividing both sides by xlog⁡xx \log x (assuming x>0x>0, x≠1x \neq 1), we obtain:

dydx+yxlog⁡x=2x2\frac{dy}{dx} + \frac{y}{x \log x} = \frac{2}{x^2}

This is a linear differential equation of the form dydx+P(x)y=Q(x)\frac{dy}{dx} + P(x)y = Q(x) with P(x)=1xlog⁡xP(x) = \frac{1}{x \log x} and Q(x)=2x2Q(x) = \frac{2}{x^2}.

The integrating factor (I.F.) is:

I.F.=e∫P(x) dx=e∫1xlog⁡x dxI.F. = e^{\int P(x) \, dx} = e^{\int \frac{1}{x \log x} \, dx}

Substituting u=log⁡xu = \log x, du=1xdxdu = \frac{1}{x}dx, we get:

∫1xlog⁡xdx=∫1udu=log⁡∣u∣=log⁡∣log⁡x∣\int \frac{1}{x \log x} dx = \int \frac{1}{u} du = \log |u| = \log |\log x|

Hence, I.F.=elog⁡∣log⁡x∣=∣log⁡x∣I.F. = e^{\log |\log x|} = |\log x|. Taking the positive value, I.F.=log⁡xI.F. = \log x.

The solution of a linear differential equation is given by:

y⋅(I.F.)=∫Q(x)⋅(I.F.) dx+Cy \cdot (I.F.) = \int Q(x) \cdot (I.F.) \, dx + C

Substituting the values:

ylog⁡x=∫2x2⋅log⁡x dx+Cy \log x = \int \frac{2}{x^2} \cdot \log x \, dx + C

We evaluate ∫2log⁡xx2dx\int \frac{2 \log x}{x^2} dx using integration by parts.

Let I=∫log⁡xx2dxI = \int \frac{\log x}{x^2} dx. Set u=log⁡xu = \log x, dv=x−2dxdv = x^{-2}dx. Then du=1xdxdu = \frac{1}{x}dx, v=−x−1v = -x^{-1}.

I=uv−∫v du=−log⁡xx−∫(−1x)1xdx=−log⁡xx+∫1x2dx=−log⁡xx−1xI = uv - \int v \, du = -\frac{\log x}{x} - \int \left(-\frac{1}{x}\right)\frac{1}{x}dx = -\frac{\log x}{x} + \int \frac{1}{x^2}dx = -\frac{\log x}{x} - \frac{1}{x}

Thus,

∫2log⁡xx2dx=2(−log⁡xx−1x)=−2x(log⁡x+1)\int \frac{2 \log x}{x^2} dx = 2\left(-\frac{\log x}{x} - \frac{1}{x}\right) = -\frac{2}{x}(\log x + 1)

Therefore, the general solution is:

ylog⁡x=−2x(log⁡x+1)+Cy \log x = -\frac{2}{x}(\log x + 1) + C

or equivalently,

ylog⁡x+2x(log⁡x+1)=Cy \log x + \frac{2}{x}(\log x + 1) = C
Exercise: EXERCISE 9.5 | Q: 7 | (Page 29)
For More Understanding

Explanation

This question is from Exercise 9.5, which deals with linear differential equations. The solution involves rewriting the equation in standard linear form, finding the integrating factor as log⁡x\log x, and integrating by parts. The final answer is a general solution containing an arbitrary constant CC.

Solution Steps

  1. Step 1: Rewrite the equation in linear form:

    dydx+yxlog⁡x=2x2\frac{dy}{dx} + \frac{y}{x \log x} = \frac{2}{x^2}
  2. Step 2: Identify P(x)=1xlog⁡xP(x) = \frac{1}{x \log x}, Q(x)=2x2Q(x) = \frac{2}{x^2}.

  3. Step 3: Compute integrating factor:

    I.F.=e∫1xlog⁡xdx=log⁡xI.F. = e^{\int \frac{1}{x \log x} dx} = \log x
  4. Step 4: Write solution formula:

    y⋅I.F.=∫Q⋅I.F. dx+Cy \cdot I.F. = \int Q \cdot I.F. \, dx + C
  5. Step 5: Evaluate ∫2log⁡xx2dx\int \frac{2 \log x}{x^2} dx using integration by parts to get −2x(log⁡x+1)-\frac{2}{x}(\log x + 1).

  6. Step 6: Combine to obtain general solution:

    ylog⁡x=C−2x(log⁡x+1)y \log x = C - \frac{2}{x}(\log x + 1)