Read this excerpt from Bernier: "Numerous are the instances of handsome pieces of workmanship made by persons destitute of tools, and who can scarcely be said to have received instruction from a master. Sometimes they imitate so perfectly articles of European manufacture that the difference between the original and copy can hardly be discerned. Among other things, the Indians make excellent muskets, and fowling-pieces, and such beautiful gold ornaments that it may be doubted if the exquisite workmanship of those articles can be exceeded by any European goldsmith. I have often admired the beauty, softness, and delicacy of their paintings." List the crafts mentioned in the passage. Compare these with the descriptions of artisanal activity in the chapter.
The passage mentions several crafts: manufacturing of muskets and fowling-pieces (weapons), gold ornaments created by goldsmiths, and paintings. It also refers to general workmanship and the ability to imitate European manufactured articles perfectly.
The passage highlights the skill and artistry of Indian artisans, noting that they create excellent muskets, beautiful gold ornaments, and delicate paintings, sometimes surpassing European standards. In comparison, the chapter describes imperial karkhanas (workshops) where artisans like embroiderers, goldsmiths, painters, varnishers, joiners, turners, tailors, and shoe-makers worked under supervision. The chapter also mentions manufacturing of silk, brocade, fine muslins, carpets, embroideries, and gold and silver cloths.
While the passage emphasizes the perfection and beauty of Indian crafts despite limited tools and instruction, the chapter presents a contrasting view that artisans had no incentive to improve since profits were appropriated by the state, leading to decline in manufactures. The passage shows admiration for artisanal skill, whereas the chapter suggests a bleak situation with little progress. Both sources, however, acknowledge the high quality of Indian manufactures and their role in exports, with precious metals flowing into India in exchange.
Explanation
This question tests the student's ability to extract information from the primary source and connect it with the broader discussion in the chapter. Part (i) requires direct listing from the passage. Part (ii) requires comparing the positive assessment in Bernier's excerpt with the more critical analysis presented in the chapter regarding the karkhanas and the lack of incentive for artisans under the Mughal system.