Men and women joined the sangha to escape the rigid social hierarchies of the time. The Buddha’s followers came from diverse social groups, ranging from kings and wealthy gahapatis to slaves and craftspeople. Once within the sangha, all members were regarded as equal, having shed their earlier social identities to become bhikkhus and bhikkhunis.

Many people were drawn to Buddhism because they were dissatisfied with existing religious practices and confused by rapid social changes. The teachings appealed to them as they emphasized conduct and values rather than claims of superiority based on birth. The importance placed on metta (fellow feeling) and karuna (compassion) attracted those seeking a more ethical way of life.

For women, the sangha offered a path to spiritual liberation and respect. Although initially only men were allowed, women were later admitted through the mediation of Ananda. Many women became teachers of dhamma and attained the status of theris, finding an opportunity for personal growth that was often restricted in domestic life.