Summarise the central teachings of Jainism.
The most fundamental teaching of Jainism is that the entire world is animated. Even stones, rocks, and water possess life. This belief forms the foundation of Jaina philosophy and worldview.
Non-injury to living beings is central to Jaina philosophy. This principle of ahimsa is emphasised especially in relation to humans, animals, plants, and insects. The principle of ahimsa has left its lasting mark on Indian thinking as a whole.
According to Jaina teachings, the cycle of birth and rebirth is shaped through karma. To free oneself from this cycle of karma, asceticism and penance are required as essential spiritual practices.
Salvation can be achieved only by renouncing the world. Therefore, monastic existence is considered a necessary condition of salvation in Jainism.
Jaina monks and nuns took five vows: to abstain from killing, stealing, and lying; to observe celibacy; and to abstain from possessing property. The tirthankaras guide men and women across the river of existence.
Explanation
The answer is drawn directly from the textbook context which outlines the core Jaina philosophy. Key teachings include: the animated nature of the world (even non-living things have life), the principle of ahimsa (non-injury), the role of karma in shaping the cycle of rebirth, the necessity of asceticism and monastic renunciation for salvation, and the five vows taken by Jaina monks and nuns. The concept of tirthankaras as spiritual guides is also mentioned in the context.