According to the Shastras, only Kshatriyas could be kings. However, this was not invariably true in practice, as several important ruling lineages had different origins.

The Mauryas had a debated social background—Buddhist texts described them as Kshatriyas, while Brahmanical texts called them of "low" origin. The Shungas and Kanvas, who succeeded the Mauryas, were Brahmanas. The Shakas from Central Asia were regarded as mlechchhas. The Satavahanas claimed to be Brahmanas, though Brahmanas believed kings ought to be Kshatriyas.

In reality, political power was effectively open to anyone who could muster support and resources, and rarely depended on birth as a Kshatriya.