Present-day historians attribute the growth of Magadhan power to geographical and economic factors. The region was known for especially productive agriculture. Additionally, accessible iron mines provided resources for tools and weapons, while forests supplied elephants, an important component of the army. The Ganga and its tributaries also offered a means of cheap and convenient communication.

In contrast, early Buddhist and Jaina writers attributed this power to the policies of individuals. They highlighted the role of ruthlessly ambitious kings like Bimbisara, Ajatasattu, and Mahapadma Nanda, as well as their ministers, who helped implement their policies effectively.