What were the possible routes from the Harappan region to Oman, Dilmun and Mesopotamia?
The most likely route from the Harappan region to Oman, Dilmun and Mesopotamia was by sea. This is supported by Mesopotamian texts that refer to Meluhha (the Harappan region) as a "land of seafarers". Additionally, depictions of ships and boats have been found on Harappan seals, indicating maritime activity.
Archaeological evidence also supports sea contact. A distinctive type of large Harappan jar coated with a thick layer of black clay has been found at Omani sites. These vessels were designed to prevent percolation of liquids, suggesting they were used to transport goods across the sea. The presence of Harappan seals, weights, dice and beads at Mesopotamian sites further confirms these long-distance maritime connections.
Explanation
The textbook context explicitly states that communication with Oman, Bahrain (Dilmun) and Mesopotamia was likely by sea. The key evidence includes: (1) Mesopotamian texts calling Meluhha a 'land of seafarers', (2) depictions of ships and boats on seals, and (3) the discovery of distinctive Harappan vessels at Omani sites. Students should mention both the textual evidence and archaeological findings to score full marks.