What are the aspects of Harappan economy that have been reconstructed from archaeological evidence?
Archaeological evidence has helped reconstruct several aspects of the Harappan economy. The early Harappan cultures show evidence of agriculture and pastoralism, indicating these were primary subsistence strategies. Crafts and craft specialisation were also significant economic activities, as seen from distinctive pottery and artefacts.
The presence of weights and seals suggests a well-developed system of trade and commerce. Long-distance trade was an important feature of the Mature Harappan economy, though it disappeared after 1900 BCE along with writing and special beads. The civilisation emerged from early farming communities around 7000 BCE, showing a gradual transformation into an urban economy.
Explanation
The textbook context mentions that early Harappan cultures were 'associated with distinctive pottery, evidence of agriculture and pastoralism, and some crafts.' It also notes that after 1900 BCE, there was a disappearance of 'weights, seals, special beads' and 'writing, long-distance trade, and craft specialisation' - indicating these were key economic features. The emergence from 'early farming communities dated around 7000 BCE' shows the agricultural foundation of the economy.