What are the architectural traditions that inspired the architects of Vijayanagara? How did they transform these traditions?
The architects of Vijayanagara drew inspiration from multiple architectural and cultural traditions, which they skillfully transformed to create a distinctive imperial culture.
Inspiration from Existing Shrines: The very choice of the site of Vijayanagara was inspired by the existence of the shrines of Virupaksha and Pampadevi. The Vijayanagara kings claimed to rule on behalf of the god Virupaksha, and all royal orders were signed "Shri Virupaksha" in Kannada script. This shows how they drew upon earlier sacred traditions to legitimise their authority.
Drawing on Diverse Regional Traditions: The rulers incorporated deities from different regions. For instance, the Vitthala temple was dedicated to Vitthala, a form of Vishnu generally worshipped in Maharashtra. The introduction of this deity in Karnataka demonstrates how the rulers drew on different traditions to create an imperial culture.
Continuation and Elaboration of Temple Traditions: The rulers continued earlier traditions of temple building and fortification. The nayakas further elaborated on these traditions, building some of the most spectacular gopurams. A characteristic feature of temple complexes was the chariot streets extending from the temple gopuram, paved with stone slabs and lined with pillared pavilions where merchants set up shops.
Innovations and Transformations: While drawing on earlier traditions, the rulers introduced significant innovations. Royal portrait sculpture was now displayed in temples. The king's visits to temples were treated as important state occasions, accompanied by important nayakas of the empire. The rulers also used the title "Hindu Suratrana" – a Sanskritisation of the Arabic term Sultan – showing their ability to transform and adapt traditions for political purposes.
Explanation
This answer addresses both parts of the question: (1) the architectural traditions that inspired Vijayanagara architects, and (2) how these traditions were transformed. The context clearly mentions the inspiration from Virupaksha and Pampadevi shrines, the incorporation of Vitthala from Maharashtra, and the continuation of temple-building and fortification traditions by the nayakas. The transformations include displaying royal portrait sculptures in temples, treating temple visits as state occasions, and the innovative use of the title 'Hindu Suratrana'. The chariot streets and pillared pavilions represent architectural adaptations that integrated commercial activity with sacred spaces.