Discuss the nature of bonding in the following coordination entities on the basis of valence bond theory:
[Fe(CN)6]4-
In [Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻, the coordination entity has octahedral geometry. According to Valence Bond Theory, the metal ion uses its (n-1)d, ns, np orbitals for hybridisation to form d²sp³ hybrid orbitals. These hybridised orbitals overlap with ligand orbitals that donate electron pairs for bonding. CN⁻ is a strong field ligand that causes pairing of electrons, resulting in diamagnetic behaviour with no unpaired electrons.
[FeF6]3-
In [FeF₆]³⁻, the coordination entity has octahedral geometry. The metal ion uses its ns, np, nd orbitals for hybridisation to form sp³d² hybrid orbitals. F⁻ is a weak field ligand that does not cause electron pairing, resulting in paramagnetic behaviour due to presence of unpaired electrons.
[Co(C2O4)3]3-
In [Co(C₂O₄)₃]³⁻, the coordination entity has octahedral geometry. The oxalate ion (C₂O₄²⁻) acts as a bidentate ligand. The metal ion undergoes d²sp³ hybridisation using inner d-orbitals. This results in diamagnetic behaviour as all electrons are paired due to the strong field nature of the ligand.
[CoF6]3-
In [CoF₆]³⁻, the coordination entity has octahedral geometry. The metal ion uses sp³d² hybridisation involving outer d-orbitals. F⁻ being a weak field ligand does not cause pairing of electrons, resulting in paramagnetic behaviour with unpaired electrons.
Explanation
The textbook explains that according to Valence Bond Theory, metal atoms or ions use (n-1)d, ns, np or ns, np, nd orbitals for hybridisation to yield equivalent orbitals of definite geometry such as octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar. The hybridised orbitals overlap with ligand orbitals that donate electron pairs. VBT explains formation, magnetic behaviour and geometrical shapes of coordination compounds. For octahedral complexes, d²sp³ hybridisation (inner orbital complexes) occurs with strong field ligands causing electron pairing (diamagnetic), while sp³d² hybridisation (outer orbital complexes) occurs with weak field ligands leaving unpaired electrons (paramagnetic).