Somatic embryogenesis is the process of formation of an embryo from somatic cells. The resulting embryos are called somatic embryos. Somatic embryogenesis follows embryogenic pathways of zygotic embryogenesis. Somatic embryos are very similar to zygotic embryos, except in their place of origin and being larger in size.

Artificial seeds, also called synthetic seeds or somatic seeds, are developed using somatic embryos. Using nutrient media with suitable hormones, somatic embryos are produced on the callus tissue. Suitable explants are selected for establishing callus culture for this purpose.

Synthetic seeds are produced by artificial encapsulation of the somatic embryos with a protective coating of suitable matrix, like calcium alginate. In addition, nutritional components and growth regulators are also added, which provide nutrition for the embryos and mimic the structure of the conventional seed.

The applications of synthetic seeds are significant. Artificial seeds can be stored for a long time in suitable conditions. They can be utilised for the rapid and mass propagation of elite plant species, as well as hybrid varieties. Artificial seed production is also helpful for asexually propagating plants.

This technology has been successfully used in plants like carrot, grapes, and sandalwood.