Discussions with elders often reveal that modern society is perceived as more competitive than before. This perception holds sociological validity. In the contemporary world, competition is the dominant norm and practice. Classical sociological thinkers like Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx have noted the growth of individualism and competition respectively in modern societies.

These developments are intrinsic to the way modern capitalist society functions. The stress is on greater efficiency and greater profit maximisation. The underlying assumptions of capitalism include expansion of trade, division of labour, specialisation, and rising productivity. These processes fuel competition at all levels of society.

Regarding conflict, a common perception is that conflicts in society are new. However, sociologists clarify that conflicts have always been part of any society. What changes is their nature and form at different stages of social development.

Conflict implies clash of interests. Conflict theorists believe that scarcity of resources produces conflict as groups struggle for access and control. The bases vary—class, caste, tribe, gender, ethnicity or religious community.

Social change and greater assertion of democratic rights by disadvantaged and discriminated groups make conflicts more visible today. This does not mean causes did not exist earlier. Developing countries are arenas of conflict between the old and new orders, where old structures cannot meet new aspirations.