The social anthropological definition of caste, particularly as offered by Ghurye, emphasises six key features that make the study of caste more systematic.

First, caste is based on segmental division, meaning society is divided into closed, mutually exclusive segments or compartments. Caste membership is decided exclusively by birth — a person's caste is determined at birth and can neither be avoided nor changed.

Second, caste is based on hierarchical division. Each caste is strictly unequal to every other caste, being either higher or lower. In theory, no two castes are ever equal.

Third, caste involves restrictions on social interaction, particularly in sharing food. These rules are governed by ideas of purity and pollution, most dramatically seen in the institution of untouchability, where even touch is considered polluting.

Fourth, caste involves differential rights and duties for different castes, pertaining to both religious practices and the secular world.

Fifth, caste restricts the choice of occupation, which is hereditary and decided by birth. Caste functions as a rigid form of division of labour with specific occupations allocated to specific castes.

Sixth, caste involves strict restrictions on marriage through endogamy (marriage within the caste) and rules about exogamy. This combination helps reproduce the caste system.