Differentiate between (a) a psychologist and a psychiatrist (b) a counsellor and a clinical psychologist.
(a) A psychologist has a degree in psychology, which includes intensive training in treating people with psychological disorders. A psychiatrist has a medical degree with years of specialised training in the treatment of psychological disorders. The key difference is that psychiatrists can prescribe medications and give electroshock treatments, whereas psychologists cannot.
(b) A clinical psychologist deals with causes, treatment, and prevention of psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression, and eating disorders. A counsellor aims to improve everyday functioning by helping people solve problems in daily living and cope more effectively with challenging situations. While their work does not differ significantly, counselling psychologists sometimes deal with people who have less serious problems and often work with students on personal problems and career planning.
Explanation
The answer draws directly from the textbook context which clearly distinguishes these professionals. For part (a), the key distinction lies in educational background (psychology degree vs medical degree) and treatment capabilities (psychiatrists can prescribe medication). For part (b), the context explains that clinical psychologists treat psychological disorders while counsellors focus on everyday problems, though the work is similar with counsellors handling less serious issues.