Which of the following principles of secularism are adopted in the Constitution of India?
Explanation
Option (d) is the correct answer. The provided context explicitly states that the Indian Constitution grants rights to all religious communities. It mentions that the makers of the Constitution recognised that inter-community equality was necessary and that 'the Indian Constitution grants rights to all religious communities such as the right to establish and maintain their educational institutions.' Option (a) describes the 'mainstream, western conception' of secularism based on 'mutual exclusion,' from which the Indian Constitution departed. The context does not mention limited powers of intervention or close relations as adopted principles.
Solution Steps
Step 1: Analyze the difference between the Western and Indian models described in the text. The text states the Western model means 'mutual exclusion' where 'state will have nothing to do with religion' (Option a).
Step 2: Identify the Indian model's features. The text states that India 'departed from the western model' and specifically mentions that 'the Indian Constitution grants rights to all religious groups' (Option d).
Step 3: Conclude that since India departed from the Western model (Option a), and the text explicitly confirms the recognition of rights of religious groups, Option (d) is the correct principle adopted in the Constitution.