The chapter outlines three principles of justice that guide the distribution of social goods and duties among members of society.

The first principle is equal treatment for equals. This means that individuals who are similar in relevant aspects should be treated similarly. For instance, all citizens should have equal access to basic rights and opportunities regardless of their background. However, this principle alone may not address existing inequalities.

The second principle involves recognition of different efforts and skills while determining rewards and burdens. This principle acknowledges that people contribute differently to society based on their abilities and hard work. For example, those who work harder or possess greater skills may deserve greater rewards. However, emphasising merit alone might disadvantage marginalised sections who lack access to facilities like good nourishment or education.

The third principle is the provision of minimum standard of living and equal opportunities to the needy. This principle takes account of the special needs of people. It extends the principle of equal treatment by recognising that people who are not equal in certain important respects could be treated differently to achieve genuine justice.

Governments often find it difficult to harmonise these three principles, as pursuing one might conflict with another. A just society requires balancing all three principles appropriately.