Nationalist feelings emerge through several interconnected factors that shape collective identity and political consciousness.

Consolidation of state boundaries is a key factor in the emergence of nationalism. In nineteenth century Europe, nationalism led to the unification of small kingdoms into larger nation-states. The formation of present day German and Italian states exemplifies this process. Along with the consolidation of state boundaries, people acquired a new political identity based on membership of the nation-state.

Common language contributes significantly to nationalist feelings. Local dialects and local loyalties were gradually consolidated into state loyalties and common languages. This linguistic unification helped create a shared sense of belonging among diverse populations, as seen in the consolidation process in our own country in the last century.

Response to oppressive rule has historically generated nationalist sentiments. Nationalism has helped liberate people from oppressive rule, inspiring intense loyalties and collective action. This factor contributed to the break up of large empires such as the Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires.

Cultural factors like descent, language, religion, and ethnicity also play a role in the emergence of nationalist feelings, though none of these can claim to be a universal common factor in nationalisms all over the world.

Thus, nationalism emerges from the complex interplay of political, cultural, and historical factors that create a sense of collective belonging.