What are the different provisions in the constitution in order to maintain the independence of judiciary?
The Indian Constitution ensures the independence of the judiciary through several key provisions regarding appointments, tenure, and functioning. First, the legislature is not involved in the process of appointment of judges. This ensures that party politics does not play a role, and appointments are made based on legal experience rather than political opinions or loyalty.
Second, the judiciary is not financially dependent on the executive or legislature. The Constitution provides that the salaries and allowances of judges are not subjected to the approval of the legislature, preventing financial interference.
Third, judges are protected from personal criticisms regarding their actions and decisions. The judiciary has the power to penalise for contempt of court, which acts as an effective protection against unfair criticism.
Finally, there are restrictions on discussion and security of tenure. Parliament cannot discuss the conduct of judges except when proceedings for removal are being carried out. Additionally, judges are generally not removed before the age of retirement, allowing them to adjudicate without fear or favour.
Explanation
The answer is derived directly from the provided textbook context which lists specific constitutional measures. It covers the exclusion of the legislature from appointments, financial independence regarding salaries, immunity from personal criticism combined with contempt of court powers, restrictions on parliamentary discussions, and security of tenure. These points collectively explain how the Constitution maintains judicial independence.