Why was trade so significant to the Mongols?
Trade was significant to the Mongols primarily because of the scant resources of the steppe lands. The steppe environment did not provide agricultural produce or iron utensils, which forced the Mongols to trade and barter with their sedentary neighbours in China.
This trade was mutually beneficial for both parties. The Mongols exchanged horses, furs, and game from the steppe for agricultural produce and iron utensils from China. Under the Pax Mongolica, trade connections matured and commerce along the Silk Route reached its peak.
Furthermore, communication and ease of travel through trade routes became vital to retain the coherence of the Mongol regime. The Mongol Khan's authority was acknowledged when traders paid the baj tax and received passes (paiza) for safe conduct.
Explanation
The textbook clearly establishes that trade was essential for Mongols due to resource scarcity in the steppe. The answer covers three key aspects: (1) the economic necessity driven by scant resources, (2) the mutually beneficial exchange system with China, and (3) the political significance of trade routes for maintaining Mongol imperial coherence. The context also mentions that Mongols sometimes used military pressure to enhance trade profits or resorted to outright plunder when trade ties were discarded.