Map interpretation involves the study of factors that explain the causal relationship among several features shown on the map. For example, the distribution of natural vegetation and cultivated land can be better understood against the background of landform and drainage. Similarly, the distribution of settlements can be examined in association with the levels of transport network system and the nature of topography.

For map interpretation, knowledge of map language and sense of direction are essential. One must look for the northline and scale of the map and have thorough knowledge of the legends/key. All topo-sheets contain a table showing conventional signs and symbols which are internationally accepted.

The following steps help in map interpretation: Find out from the index number of the topographical sheet, the location of the area in India. This gives an idea of the general characteristics of the major and minor physiographic divisions. Note the scale and contour interval, which give the extent and general landform of the area.

A topographic sheet is usually interpreted under these heads: Marginal Information (sheet number, location, grid references, extent, scale, districts), Relief and Drainage, Land Use, Means of Transport and Communication, and Human Settlement.

Finally, features like major landforms, drainage, land use, and settlement patterns should be traced on tracing sheets. Pairs of these maps can be superimposed to note relationships between patterns. Aerial photographs and satellite imageries can also be compared with the topographical map to update information.