Which of the following is not used in visual interpretation technique?
Explanation
Option (D) is the correct answer because the provided context explicitly distinguishes between 'visual interpretation methods' and 'digital image processing techniques' as two separate approaches for extracting information. The text states that visual interpretation is a 'manual exercise' involving reading images for identification, whereas digital image processing requires 'hardware and software.' Therefore, digital image processing is not a technique used within visual interpretation. Conversely, options (A), (B), and (C) are incorrect because they relate to elements of visual interpretation mentioned in the text: spatial arrangements relate to pattern/shape, frequency of tonal change relates to texture, and location with respect to other objects relates to association.
Solution Steps
Step 1: Read the section 'Interpretation of Satellite Imageries' which states that extraction of properties can be carried out using 'either visual interpretation methods or digital image processing techniques'.
Step 2: Note the distinction that visual interpretation is a 'manual exercise' while digital image processing requires 'hardware and software'.
Step 3: Confirm that 'Digital image processing' is a separate method and thus not used in visual interpretation.
Step 4: Verify that other options (spatial arrangements, tonal change/texture, location/association) are elements of visual interpretation listed under 'Elements of Visual Interpretation'.