Do you think that physical barrier is a hindrance in interaction with our neighbouring countries in modern times? Give some examples how we have overcome these difficulties in the present day.
In modern times, physical barriers are no longer a significant hindrance in interaction with neighbouring countries. While the Himalayas, Hindukush, and Sulaiman ranges acted as formidable physical barriers in the past, modern developments have overcome these difficulties.
Firstly, several mountain passes such as Khyber, Bolan, Shipkila, Nathula, and Bomdila have historically provided routes across these barriers and continue to serve as important transit points in modern times.
Secondly, India's maritime location in the Indian Ocean, with the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea, has provided links to neighbouring regions through sea routes and air routes. This has enabled connectivity with island neighbours like Sri Lanka and Maldives.
Thirdly, India's extensive coastline of 6,100 km (mainland) and 7,517 km (total geographical coast) facilitates maritime trade and interaction. The island groups of Andaman and Nicobar in the Bay of Bengal and Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea further enhance connectivity.
Thus, modern transportation through sea and air routes has significantly reduced the hindrance posed by physical barriers, enabling smooth interaction with neighbouring countries.
Explanation
The textbook context explains that while the Himalayas and other ranges were formidable barriers in the past, India's maritime location and the existence of mountain passes have facilitated connectivity. The mention of sea and air routes, along with the extensive coastline, indicates how modern means have overcome physical barriers. The context also highlights India's island neighbours (Sri Lanka and Maldives) and the strategic location in the Indian Ocean as examples of connectivity despite physical separation.