The earth's surface is constantly being shaped by two opposing groups of geomorphic processes — endogenic and exogenic processes. These processes cause physical stresses and chemical actions on earth materials, bringing about changes in the configuration of the earth's surface.

Endogenic geomorphic processes originate from within the earth. They include diastrophism and volcanism. These internal forces work to build up the earth's surface by creating elevations, folds, faults and volcanic landforms. They are essentially constructive in nature.

Exogenic geomorphic processes originate from external sources. They include weathering, mass wasting, erosion and deposition. These processes are carried out by agents like running water, groundwater, glaciers, wind, waves and currents, which remove, transport and deposit earth materials. Though their effects are small and slow in a short time span, they severely affect rocks in the long run.

The two groups are opposing in nature. While endogenic processes tend to build up and create relief features on the earth's surface, exogenic processes work to wear down and level these features. Endogenic forces are constructive, whereas exogenic forces are destructive in their overall impact.

This continuous interplay between the two opposing groups shapes the earth's diverse topography. The differences on the surface continue to exist due to differences in the type and structure of earth materials, differences in geomorphic processes and their rates of operation.