These answers are based on the comparative development experiences of India, China and Pakistan as covered in the chapter. (a) Pakistan's First Five Year Plan began in 1956, while China's started earlier in 1953. (b) Maternal mortality rate is higher in Pakistan compared to China due to better healthcare infrastructure in China. (c) The proportion of people below poverty line is more in Pakistan, as also indicated by the reference to 're-emergence of poverty in Pakistan' mentioned in the context. (d) China introduced its economic reforms in 1978, which is explicitly stated in the context - 'China's rapid industrial growth can be traced back to its reforms in 1978.'