What do you understand by bond pairs and lone pairs of electrons? Illustrate by giving one example of each type.
Bond pairs of electrons are pairs of electrons that are shared between two atoms to form a covalent bond. For example, in an molecule (H : H), the shared pair of electrons constitutes a bond pair.
Lone pairs of electrons are additional pairs of electrons present on bonded atoms that are not involved in bonding. They are localized on the central atom. For example, in an molecule (:O::O:), the pairs of electrons on the oxygen atoms that are not shared between the two atoms are lone pairs.
Explanation
The textbook context defines bond pairs as electron pairs shared between two atoms, while lone pairs are additional pairs of electrons not involved in bonding and localized on the central atom. Examples are taken directly from the Lewis representations provided in Table 4.1, such as H2 for bond pairs and O2 for lone pairs.